![]() ![]() Like FTD, AD comprises distinct clinical variants, including amnestic AD, characterized by episodic memory deficits and bilateral hippocampal and mesial temporal lobe atrophy 13, and logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA) 14, characterized by impaired phonological processing and left temporo-parietal degeneration 15. In frontotemporal dementia (FTD), results suggest that the effects of bilingualism may differ by clinical variant 12. Bilingualism may contribute to cognitive reserve and serve as a protective factor against the onset of Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) 5– 7, but results have been mixed 8– 11. A number of activities and experiences that regularly engage cognition in a sustained and taxing fashion have been found to be contributors to cognitive reserve 3, 4. ![]() It has been postulated that individuals with high cognitive reserve can sustain a greater degree of pathological burden before displaying clinical symptoms 1, 2. ![]()
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